On the other hand, the most important soft ticks belong to the genera Ornithodoros, Argas and Otobius.
Other genera of veterinary importance include Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus (which now includes the genus synonym Boophilus), Hyalomma and Amblyomma (genus synonym Aponomma). Within the hard ticks Ixodes is the largest genus, which contains 217 species. There is a third family (Nuttalliellidae) to which only one species belongs. The other family is the Argasidae or soft ticks, so called because they lack of a shield. In the adult female and in the larva and the nymph it extends only by a small area, which allows the abdomen to swell after feeding. The most important is the Ixodidae, also called hard ticks, due to the presence of a rigid chitinous shield, which covers the entire dorsal surface of the adult male. Ticks belong to two main families, Ixodidae and Argasidae. The hot and humid climates favor their survival, while the low temperatures inhibit their development. The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine.Ticks are external, temporary and obligate parasites of vertebrate animals (birds, mammals and reptiles), which need to feed on blood in order to live. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast, especially for single animals when the gender is unknown.Ĭattle of certain breeds bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still used to refer to an animal of either gender. Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although poll, pollard or polled cattle are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded.Ĭattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. In all cattle species, a female that is the twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is a freemartin. In some countries an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig.Ī castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft purposes is called an ox (plural oxen) "ox" may also be used to refer to some carcase products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood or ox-liver.Ī springer is a cow or heifer close to calving. Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers. In Australia, the term "Japanese ox" is used for grain fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650 kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. Piker bullocks are micky bulls that were caught, castrated and then later lost. After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks if between one and two years of age.Ī castrated male is called a steer in the United States older steers are often called bullocks in other parts of the world but in North America this term refers to a young bull.
Young cattle of both sexes are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder-calves or simply feeders. A young female that has had only one calf is occasionally called a first-calf heifer. An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a maverick in the USA and Canada.Īn adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow.Ī young female before she has had a calf of her own and is under three years of age is called a heifer. A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a micky in Australia. The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British influenced parts of world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and the United States.Īn intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male is called a bull. In general, the same words are used in different parts of the world but with minor differences in the definitions. Cattle Terminology: Bulls, Springers, Freemartins
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